02665naa a2200205 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006010000230007424501110009726000090020852020610021765000200227865000150229865000240231370000150233770000150235270000200236777300720238711318842022-03-14       2021    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a2229-22171 aPINTO, F. A. M. F.  aSurvival of Neonectria ditissima in apple burrknots and cankers in Southern Brazil.h[electronic resource]  c2021  aEuropean canker (EC), caused by Neonectria ditissima, can result in the death of apple buds, shoots, spurs, branches and fruit rot. It is currently well spread worldwide, causing problems in the prominent apple growing areas, such as Canada, the USA, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and Chile. In Brazil, EC was first reported in 2002 in an apple nursery located at Vacaria city, the Rio Grande do Sul state, when infected apple seedlings were imported and were eradicated, but the disease was already spread for commercial orchards in all apple production regions in southern Brazil. Epidemiology and fungus behavior in Brazilian climatic conditions are not clarified. The objective of this work was to understand the survival of N. ditissima and perithecia formation at Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Several necrotic plant residues and tree parts were checked in orchards during winter on seasons of 2019 and 2020 to investigate their role as shelter for N. ditissima survival and potential inoculum source for EC. Leaf litter of apples, fruit spurs, fruit mummies, dead grass, dead weeds, cankers were inspected for perithecia formation. Samples were taken, and in the laboratory, perithecia were used for fungal identification and isolation of pathogen. Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculation of 2-year-old Gala apple plants grafted in m9 rootstock and detached Gala and Fuji apple fruit with isolates. It was possible to find several symptoms of EC, mainly cankers in twigs and trunk, at two studied orchards. Perithecia were found in apple fruit mummies, burrknots, cankers caused by B. dothidea and cankers caused by N. ditissima in S??o Joaquim orchard. While in ??gua Doce perithecia were found only in burrknots and cankers caused by N. ditissima. To our knowledge, this is the first time perithecia are found in apple fruit mummies and burrknots. The EC management must be adjusted to focus on reducing fungus survival on these tissues to achieve the best disease control in Brazilian climatic conditions.  aEuropean Canker  aPerithecia  aSexual reproduction1 aARAUJO, L.1 aOGOSHI, C.1 aMONTEIRO, F. P.  tPlant Pathology & Quarantine, Guiyanggv. 11, n. 1, p. 49-57, 2021.