02969naa a2200181 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001910000170006024501180007726000090019552023530020465300110255765300200256870000170258870000140260570000190261977301490263811210742014-06-12       2013    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d1 aPETRI, J. L.  aChemical induction of budbreakbnew generation products in replacement hydrogen cyanamide.h[electronic resource]  c2013  aThe apple area production in Brazil exceeds 38,000 ha, with 90% of Gala and Fuji clones. Almost of the region don?t have chilling enough to overcome the chilling requirement of these two cultivars, thus being necessary chemical treatment to break dormancy. From the 1970s the practice of inducing budbreak by chemical began to be widespread and be part of the production systems. Earlier we used mineral oil and dinitro ortho cresol (DNOC) and ortho dinitro butyl phenol (DNOBP). After the cancellation of the registration of the salts of dinitro, in the 1980s the fruit growers started to use the mix of mineral oil and Hydrogen cyanamide which is still in extensive use for over 20 years in Brazil. Due to the possibility of prohibiting the use of Hydrogen cyanamide in some European countries, since 2005 we conducted a series of experiments in order to identify products with action in the induction of budbreak apple tree, less toxic, aiming at the replacement of hydrogen cyanamide. The main characteristics desirable in these chemicals are having great efficiency in inducing sprouting, low cost and minimal toxicity for plants and the environment. Despite the large number of substances effective in inducing sprouting, few are accepted and used commercially, and the high cost of use and the high toxicity of the compounds are the main restrictive factors. Among the products tested, Erger ??, which is a plant growth regulator consisting of inorganic nitrogen, mono and disaccharides, proteins, enzymes and citric acid radicals, has been outstanding. Similarly, Syncron ?? and Vorax ??, products based on glutamic acid, all in admixture with calcium nitrate or mineral oil, has shown excellent results. Formulations of mineral oil and mineral oil admixed with adhesive spreader-type silicon are also tested. Erger??, Syncron?? and Vorax ?? mixed with calcium nitrate or mineral oil showed percentages of budbreak, in axillary and terminal buds, similar to the standard treatment of mineral oil and Hydrogen cyanamide. The same results were observed with Vorax ?? mixed with mineral oil. Erger??, Syncron ?? and Vorax ?? were effective in inducing budding and flowering in apple tree and can efficiently replace hydrogen cyanamide. For mineral oils, there was an improvement of shooting when the addition of adhesive spreader-type silicon.  aMa????  aMalus domestica1 aLEITE, G. B.1 aCOUTO, M.1 aGABARDO, G. C.  tIn: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOREGULATORS IN FRUIT PRODUCTION, 12., 2013, Orlando, USA. Program... Orlando, USA: PGRSA and ISHS, 2013. p. 29.