Data/hora: 07/06/2024 11:58:14

Biblioteca(s): 	Epagri-Sede.	
Tipo da produção científica: 	Organização/Edição de Livros	
Data corrente: 	09/03/2021	
Data da última atualização: 	09/03/2021	
Autoria: 	PARRA, J. R. P.; GEREMIAS, L. D.; BERTIN, A.; COLMENAREZ, Y.; COELHO JÚNIOR, A. (Ed.).	
Título: 	Small-scale rearing of Anagasta kuehniella for Trichogramma production.	
Ano de publicação: 	2021	
Fonte/Imprenta: 	Wallingford: CABI, 2021.	
Páginas: 	32 p.	
ISBN: 	9781789248951	
Idioma: 	Inglês	
Conteúdo: 	The use of biological control (BC), especially to control agricultural pests, has been increasing by 10?15% annually worldwide. Insect rearing is of prime importance for the success of BC programs, especially for macro-organisms. Many commercial firms currently mass-rear and sell these control agents. The programs using control agents, especially in Brazil, were initially developed by government agencies and today are conducted by commercial firms. Some of these companies have developed the capacity to supply large-scale control programs, and some are start-ups or smaller companies that meet local requirements. Whatever the eventual purpose, all BC programs must start with small-scale insect rearing, so-called ?research rearing?, in order to learn the capabilities of both the pest and the natural enemy. For releases of macro-organisms in greenhouses or in open fields, smaller or larger rearing systems are used, depending on the number of insects needed. Small- and medium-scale production of insects is used for classic biological control, with inoculative releases, and largest-scale production is for augmentative biological control, with ?inundative releases?. Natural enemies are usuallyproduced on the host that they parasitize in the wild (natural host), or When possible, on a factitious host in order to simplify the rearing procedure or to reduce the production cost. The development of artificial diets for pest rearing has greatly simplified the process of rearing natural enemies. These artificial diets have significantly advanced mass-rearing techniques, especially for pests of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, on which the natural enemies are reared. Research on diets, beginning in the 1960s, has contributed to the advances in BC and integrated pest management (IPM). Despite these advances, the basic rearing procedures must always be developed at universities or research institutes, and only later scaled up and modified for large-scale rearing (mass rearing), where the problems of sanitation, cost, quality control, and storage will inevitably increase. For any BC program, it is necessary to rear two species of insects: a natural host (which may be the pest) or a factitious host; and the natural enemy for release. In a few cases, a factitious host can be used to replace the natural. The genus Anagasta is used by American taxonomists, while Ephestia is used by Europeans. Thus, depending on the local publication, Anagasta kuehniella or Ephestia kuehniella host. A well-known example is rearing egg-parasitoid wasps of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), which parasitize several species of lepidopterans, in stored moth eggs. This possibility has been known since 1927, when the American researcher S.E. Flanders published a note stating that species of Trichogramma could be reared in eggs of the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella. Subsequent investigators found that it was possible to rear Trichogramma spp. in eggs of other moth species, which provide some advantages, such as Anagasta1 kuehniella and Corcyra cephalonica. The Chinese use eggs from silkworm species such as Bombyx mori, Antheraea pernyi or Samia cynthia to rear this egg parasitoid. There are other examples of factitious hosts, such as Galleria mellonella, a factitious host for the tachinid flies that parasitize Diatraea saccharalis. Obviously, when the natural enemy is produced in a factitious host, it must have similar qualities to natural enemies reared in the natural host. Brazil has been increasing the use of BC, especially in sugarcane, to control the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis with releases of the introduced parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), reared on the natural host, which in turn is reared on an artificial diet. Diatraea saccharalis is also controlled with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), reared in the factitious host Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Currently, C. flavipes is being used on more than 3 million hectares, and T. galloi on about 2 million hectares of sugarcane. Predators, being non-specific, are reared on different prey (hosts),	
Palavras-Chave: 	Controle Biológico; Controle Biológico Aplicado; Parasitoide de ovos; Produção de inimigos naturais; Trichogramma.	
Categoria do assunto: 	O Insetos e Entomologia	
URL: 	http://intranetdoc.epagri.sc.gov.br/producao_tecnico_cientifica/DOC_48613.pdf	
Registro original: 	Epagri-Sede (Epagri-Sede)	
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